{"product_id":"wits-a-university-in-the-apartheid-era-by-mervyn-shear","title":"WITS: A University in the Apartheid Era by MERVYN SHEAR","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"D5ad8b\" id=\"m-x-content\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"s7d4ef X6JNf PFXse E7iHC\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-ve-view=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAAQBQ\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjVtuTm3sWVAxV7FFkFHX7SKrUQ2b4KegQIABAF\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Pqkn2e\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjVtuTm3sWVAxV7FFkFHX7SKrUQ274KegQIABAG\" data-copy-service-computed-style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31);\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"jloFI GkDqAd rJweXb\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(0, 29, 53);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-hveid=\"CAAQBw\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjVtuTm3sWVAxV7FFkFHX7SKrUQ7uAMegQIABAH\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(0, 29, 53);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(0, 29, 53);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; 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font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003csection data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-host-wiz-contract-name=\"gws_wizbind\" data-sc=\"1\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"_c6dPapWxGvuo5NoP_qSrqQs_2\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"qRuFed\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CKgc1d\" data-scope-id=\"turn\" data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-subtree=\"aimc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"FkX2oe\" dir=\"ltr\" data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-wiz-uids=\"lXOTYe_3\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjoj-nm3sWVAxWGVEEAHR8LKNQQ2O0OegoIAggACAAIARAA\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACAEQAA\" data-sfc-inited=\"2\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"pWvJNd\" data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"ltr\" data-container-id=\"main-col\" data-xid=\"VpUvz\" class=\"mZJni\" data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjoj-nm3sWVAxWGVEEAHR8LKNQQ3KYQegoIAggACAAIARAB\" data-sfc-inited=\"2\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"n6owBd awi2gc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACAkQAA\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 12px 0px 16px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003eThe \u003cspan class=\"\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-sfc-inited=\"2\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\u003ca class=\"H23r4e\" rel=\"noopener\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjoj-nm3sWVAxWGVEEAHR8LKNQQy_kOegoIAggACAAICRAB\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACAkQAQ\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wits.ac.za\/about-wits\/history-and-heritage\/\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 500; margin: 0px; text-decoration: underline 1px rgb(26, 13, 171); border-bottom: 0px rgb(26, 13, 171);' target=\"_blank\"\u003eUniversity of the Witwatersrand (Wits)\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c!--TgQPHd||[[\u0026quot;https:\/\/www.wits.ac.za\/about-wits\/history-and-heritage\/\u0026quot;,null,null,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[{\u0026quot;1218\u0026quot;:[16]}]],16,null,\u0026quot;History and heritage - Johannesburg - Wits University\u0026quot;,\u0026quot;Aerial view of campus (foreground) looking south, with Johannesburg CBD in background, 1963. The Liberal Tradition. From the onset, Wits was founded as an open university with a policy of non-discrimination - on racial or any other grounds. This commitment faced its ultimate test when the apartheid-government passed the Extension of the University Education Act in 1959, thereby enforcing university apartheid. The Wits community protested strongly and continued to maintain a firm, consistent and vigorous stand against apartheid, not only in education, but in all its manifestations. These protests were sustained as more and more civil liberties were withdrawn and peaceful opposition to apartheid was suppressed. The consequences for the University were severe - banning, deportation and detention of staff and students, as well as invasions of the campus by riot police to disrupt peaceful protest meetings. With the dismantling of apartheid and the election of a democratic government, the role of Wits as a resource became increasingly important. Wits University served as a hub for critical thinking, debates and engagement during the transition from apartheid to democracy.\u0026quot;,\u0026quot;https:\/\/encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com\/images?q\\u003dtbn:ANd9GcT-7nih3mNA6feNDLvOusbOkHpYTKg7aYczHVjnKI5c6ftV7M9YVmSR_LzZ0dKMzM39Eh3LvDlyy1b0qNc\u0026quot;,\u0026quot;Wits University\u0026quot;,\u0026quot;https:\/\/encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com\/faviconV2?url\\u003dhttps:\/\/www.wits.ac.za\\u0026client\\u003dAIM\\u0026size\\u003d128\\u0026type\\u003dFAVICON\\u0026fallback_opts\\u003dTYPE,SIZE,URL\u0026quot;,[[1783605107509224,4281478,3559394079],null,null,null,null,[[2,0,0,7]]],null,\u0026quot;3b4d39b6-3efc-46a3-8b1c-619ecaf62303\u0026quot;]]--\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e in Johannesburg \u003cmark class=\"HxTRcb\" data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-wiz-uids=\"lXOTYe_p\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjoj-nm3sWVAxWGVEEAHR8LKNQQuJAPegoIAggACAAICRAC\" data-sfc-inited=\"2\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 500; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(0, 29, 53);'\u003e\u003c!--qkimaf lXOTYe_o\/HugV6--\u003e\u003c!--cqw1tb lXOTYe_o\/HugV6--\u003eserved as a premier liberal institution and center of resistance during the apartheid era\u003c!--TgQPHd||[]--\u003e\u003c\/mark\u003e. Despite operating as one of the few \"open universities\" that challenged state-enforced segregation, it still faced government interference, including quotas and the 1959 \u003cem class=\"eujQNb\" data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003eExtension of University Education Act\u003c!--TgQPHd||[]--\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e which severely restricted the enrollment of Black students.\u003cspan\u003e [\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.wits.ac.za\/about-wits\/history-and-heritage\/\"\u003e1\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/University-of-the-Witwatersrand\"\u003e2\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_the_Witwatersrand\"\u003e3\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/wits\/racial-discrimination-at-wits\/81A063543EC1349BECB7108A5AEC378D\"\u003e4\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c!--TgQPHd||[]--\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"n6owBd awi2gc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACAsQAA\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 12px 0px 16px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003eThe university community became a major hub of the Mass Democratic Movement. As the apartheid government enacted increasingly oppressive policies, protests escalated, resulting in campus raids, arrests without trial, and violent clashes with riot police.\u003cspan\u003e [\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/archivewitspress.co.za\/catalogue\/wits-a-university-in-the-apartheid-era\/\"\u003e1\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c!--TgQPHd||[]--\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-bfc=\"\" class=\"WYczDe\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjoj-nm3sWVAxWGVEEAHR8LKNQQi4wTegoIAggACAAIDhAA\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"n6owBd awi2gc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACA4QAQ\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 12px 0px 16px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003eThe seminal historical account of this period, written by former Deputy Vice-Chancellor \u003cspan class=\"\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\u003ca class=\"H23r4e\" rel=\"noopener\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjoj-nm3sWVAxWGVEEAHR8LKNQQy_kOegoIAggACAAIDhAC\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACA4QAg\" href=\"https:\/\/www.witspress.co.za\/page\/detail\/WITS\/?k=9781776148073\" data-tibak=\"none\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 500; margin: 0px; text-decoration: underline 1px rgb(26, 13, 171); border-bottom: 0px rgb(26, 13, 171);' tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eMervyn Shear\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c!--TgQPHd||[[\u0026quot;https:\/\/www.witspress.co.za\/page\/detail\/WITS\/?k\\u003d9781776148073\u0026quot;,null,null,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[{\u0026quot;1218\u0026quot;:[17]}]],17,null,\u0026quot;Title Detail WITS by WitsUP\u0026quot;,\u0026quot;* Description. Mervyn Shear tells the story of how the University of the Witwatersrand adapted to the political and social developments in South Africa under apartheid. As the regime adopted increasingly oppressive measures, opposition on the campuses, and in the country, burgeoned into a Mass Democratic Movement intent on making the country ungovernable. The National Government moves to introduce segregated education galvanised the staff and students of the four \u0026#39;open universities\u0026#39; to oppose any attempt to interfere with their autonomy and freedom to decide who should be admitted. ... * Foreword by Firoz Cachalia. Acknowledgements. Introduction. Chapter 1 Racial Discrimination at Wits. ... * Mervyn Shear was Deputy Vice-Chancellor of the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg from 1983 to 1990. He was an Emeritus Professor of Wits University and Extraordinary Professor at the University of the Western Cape. Firoz Cachalia is an Adjunct Professor in the School of Law at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg and Director of the Mandela Institute.\u0026quot;,\u0026quot;https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q\\u003dtbn:ANd9GcT_PMrY9OgtFwpIahMli64En25J-FSbCvd4ywrOcvLLSO8i71khHA7dSBGF-rjZGxk-JIt4X_g0F66Ky4c\u0026quot;,null,\u0026quot;https:\/\/encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com\/faviconV2?url\\u003dhttps:\/\/www.witspress.co.za\\u0026client\\u003dAIM\\u0026size\\u003d128\\u0026type\\u003dFAVICON\\u0026fallback_opts\\u003dTYPE,SIZE,URL\u0026quot;,[[1783605107509224,4281478,3559394079],null,null,null,null,[[2,0,0,12]]],null,\u0026quot;8808f141-e9c7-457f-9613-ac88e0126e86\u0026quot;]]--\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, details how the institution continually fought for academic freedom and autonomy.\u003cspan\u003e [\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/archivewitspress.co.za\/catalogue\/wits-a-university-in-the-apartheid-era\/\"\u003e1\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.wits.ac.za\/about-wits\/history-and-heritage\/\"\u003e2\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_the_Witwatersrand\"\u003e3\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c!--TgQPHd||[]--\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Fsg96\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-sfc-inited=\"2\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\u003c!--TgQPHd||[]--\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-bfc=\"\" class=\"WYczDe\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjoj-nm3sWVAxWGVEEAHR8LKNQQi4wTegoIAggACAAIDxAA\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"otQkpb\" aria-level=\"3\" role=\"heading\" data-animation-nesting=\"\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 600; margin: 24px 0px 12px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(0, 29, 53);'\u003eExperiences of the Wits Community in the Apartheid Era\u003c!--TgQPHd||[]--\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-bfc=\"\" class=\"WYczDe\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjoj-nm3sWVAxWGVEEAHR8LKNQQi4wTegoIAggACAAIERAA\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"n6owBd awi2gc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACBEQAQ\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 12px 0px 16px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003eThe historical tension between the university's anti-apartheid stance and the oppressive regime's attempts to control campus politics is extensively detailed in historical records and personal accounts.\u003cspan\u003e [\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.wits.ac.za\/about-wits\/history-and-heritage\/\"\u003e1\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c!--TgQPHd||[]--\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Fsg96\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-sfc-inited=\"2\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\u003c!--TgQPHd||[]--\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-bfc=\"\" class=\"WYczDe\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjoj-nm3sWVAxWGVEEAHR8LKNQQi4wTegoIAggACAAIEhAA\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"MNS5ib\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjoj-nm3sWVAxWGVEEAHR8LKNQQgIsSegoIAggACAAIEhAB\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACBIQAQ\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"nveqQc jjxof\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 16px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"Ux2eHe\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 12px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JmmhD\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\u003cspan class=\"kvw50\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e“\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eIn November 1986, a delegation from the University of the Witwatersrand, widely known in South Africa as 'Wits', where I was Deputy Vice-Chancellor... was summoned to a meeting by FW de Klerk... to be lectured that we pampered radical students, we did not...\u003cspan class=\"bXR5ab\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e”\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"Snn8ee\" href=\"https:\/\/www.abebooks.com\/9781868143023\/WITS-University-Apartheid-Shear-Mervyn-1868143023\/plp\" data-tibak=\"none\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(26, 13, 171);' tabindex=\"-1\"\u003e\u003cimg id=\"img-c6dPaqiKH4aphbIPn5agoQ0_4\" class=\"GZo5G\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAMAAAAoLQ9TAAAAY1BMVEX\/\/\/\/HACzeaYPNG0Lvt8P22N\/+\/P344ebbXXnKDzjolqj32+HbWnbgcor21dz10trYTm3mjaHJCTPusb7khJnOHkX88\/XPJEr0zNXrpbXMFT3WRWXjfpTlh5zSM1bqn7Dyw83fibG9AAAAhUlEQVQYlVWP2RLCIAxFE3ZaWpZWrKCt\/\/+VCjjj5D5kOclkAVATEE3a7ASw2+wWApCvjhGA3AeRt\/wHWIS5Y4DjsZvQAdqCdq0mCj3DE4deUkR2Jg6a95xr21zxALKTa2k2HW1sI+do2PqeN8fk2+w68vgNo4qb\/N0hmMOgyDeqZqAi9Q+3BAUEowm9iQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\" alt=\"\" data-deferred=\"3\" data-imglogged=\"true\" data-aatf=\"4\" data-imgprocessed=\"true\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(26, 13, 171); object-fit: fill; width: 16px; height: 16px;'\u003e\u003cspan class=\"TqdsDd\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: 500; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003eAbeBooks\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c!--TgQPHd||[]--\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Fsg96\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-sfc-inited=\"2\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\u003c!--TgQPHd||[]--\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-bfc=\"\" class=\"WYczDe\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjoj-nm3sWVAxWGVEEAHR8LKNQQi4wTegoIAggACAAIFBAA\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"MNS5ib\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjoj-nm3sWVAxWGVEEAHR8LKNQQgIsSegoIAggACAAIFBAB\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACBQQAQ\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"nveqQc jjxof\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 16px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"Ux2eHe\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 12px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JmmhD\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\u003cspan class=\"kvw50\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e“\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eAs the regime adopted increasingly oppressive measures to prop up the apartheid state, opposition on the campuses, and in the country, increased and burgeoned into a Mass Democratic Movement intent on making the country ungovernable.\u003cspan class=\"bXR5ab\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e”\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"Snn8ee\" href=\"https:\/\/archivewitspress.co.za\/catalogue\/wits-a-university-in-the-apartheid-era\/\" data-tibak=\"none\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(26, 13, 171);' tabindex=\"-1\"\u003e\u003cimg id=\"img-c6dPaqiKH4aphbIPn5agoQ0_5\" class=\"GZo5G\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" alt=\"\" data-deferred=\"3\" data-imglogged=\"true\" data-aatf=\"4\" data-imgprocessed=\"true\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(26, 13, 171); object-fit: fill; width: 16px; height: 16px;'\u003e\u003cspan class=\"TqdsDd\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: 500; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003earchivewitspress.co.za\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c!--TgQPHd||[]--\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Fsg96\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-sfc-inited=\"2\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\u003c!--TgQPHd||[]--\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-bfc=\"\" class=\"WYczDe\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjoj-nm3sWVAxWGVEEAHR8LKNQQi4wTegoIAggACAAIFRAA\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACBUQAQ\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"n6owBd awi2gc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACBUQAg\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 12px 0px 16px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003eWould you like to know more about the specific \u003cstrong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003estudent organizations\u003c!--TgQPHd||[]--\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e, the \u003cstrong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003eacademic boycotts\u003c!--TgQPHd||[]--\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e, or specific \u003cstrong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003ehistorical figures\u003c!--TgQPHd||[]--\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e that emerged from Wits during this time?\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c!--TgQPHd||[]--\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c!--TgQPHd||[]--\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Fsg96\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-sfc-inited=\"2\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; 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font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 0px 16px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"b8PhZd dsYsnb\" data-src-id=\"5\" data-src-fp=\"false\" data-crb-el=\"kXllB\" data-visible=\"1\" data-animation-atomic=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-wiz-uids=\"lXOTYe_2e\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjoj-nm3sWVAxWGVEEAHR8LKNQQl78OegoIAggACAAIIBAB\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACCAQAQ\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 10px 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003ca aria-labelledby=\"c6dPaqiKH4aphbIPn5agoQ0_6\" class=\"Zbfntb\" href=\"https:\/\/archivewitspress.co.za\/catalogue\/wits-a-university-in-the-apartheid-era\/\" data-tibak=\"none\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(26, 13, 171);' tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"ytGmGe ULBRwc\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"N2e2rc\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"DDYKU\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"c6dPaqiKH4aphbIPn5agoQ0_6\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"hmTtFe\" data-tibak=\"-1\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 500; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(0, 29, 53);' tabindex=\"-1\"\u003eWITS: A University in the Apartheid Era\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"kQjtnc\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\u003cspan class=\"zKXUkb\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e15 Sept 2022 — \u003cspan data-crb-snippet-text=\"\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003eAuthor(s): Mervyn Shear. Publication Date: Sept 2022. 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Publication Date: Sept 2022. Dimensions and Pages: 210 x 148mm Extent: 388pp. Paperback EAN: 978-1-77614-804-2. eBook EAN: 978-1-77614-807...\u0026quot;,\u0026quot;archivewitspress.co.za\u0026quot;,\u0026quot;https:\/\/encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com\/faviconV2?url\\u003dhttps:\/\/archivewitspress.co.za\\u0026client\\u003dAIM\\u0026size\\u003d128\\u0026type\\u003dFAVICON\\u0026fallback_opts\\u003dTYPE,SIZE,URL\u0026quot;],[null,1,[null,null,5,null,\u0026quot;WITS: A University in the Apartheid Era\u0026quot;,null,\u0026quot;https:\/\/archivewitspress.co.za\/catalogue\/wits-a-university-in-the-apartheid-era\/\u0026quot;],null,null,null,null,[\u0026quot;https:\/\/archivewitspress.co.za\/catalogue\/wits-a-university-in-the-apartheid-era\/\u0026quot;,null,null,null,38,\u0026quot;Source: archivewitspress.co.za\u0026quot;],2,null,null,[\u0026quot;MAGI_FEATURE\u0026quot;,null,\u0026quot;BLUR\u0026quot;,0,0,0,null,\u0026quot;https:\/\/archivewitspress.co.za\/catalogue\/wits-a-university-in-the-apartheid-era\/\u0026quot;]]]]--\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c!--TgQPHd||[]--\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c!--TgQPHd||[]--\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv role=\"listitem\" class=\"Knsxdf PmZFeb\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"b8PhZd dsYsnb\" data-src-id=\"1\" data-src-fp=\"false\" data-crb-el=\"kXllB\" data-visible=\"1\" data-animation-atomic=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-wiz-uids=\"lXOTYe_2r\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjoj-nm3sWVAxWGVEEAHR8LKNQQl78OegoIAggACAAIIBAG\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACCAQBg\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 10px 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003ca aria-labelledby=\"c6dPaqiKH4aphbIPn5agoQ0_10\" class=\"Zbfntb\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wits.ac.za\/about-wits\/history-and-heritage\/\" data-tibak=\"none\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(26, 13, 171);' tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"ytGmGe ULBRwc\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"N2e2rc\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"DDYKU\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"c6dPaqiKH4aphbIPn5agoQ0_10\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"hmTtFe\" data-tibak=\"-1\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 500; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(0, 29, 53);' tabindex=\"-1\"\u003eHistory and heritage - Johannesburg - Wits University\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"kQjtnc\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\u003cspan class=\"zKXUkb\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\u003cspan data-crb-snippet-text=\"\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003eAerial view of campus (foreground) looking south, with Johannesburg CBD in background, 1963. The Liberal Tradition. 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font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"b8PhZd\" data-src-id=\"6\" data-src-fp=\"false\" data-crb-el=\"kXllB\" data-visible=\"0\" data-animation-atomic=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-wiz-uids=\"lXOTYe_3h\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjoj-nm3sWVAxWGVEEAHR8LKNQQl78OegoIAggACAAIIBAQ\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACCAQEA\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 10px 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003ca aria-labelledby=\"c6dPaqiKH4aphbIPn5agoQ0_18\" class=\"Zbfntb\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/wits\/racial-discrimination-at-wits\/81A063543EC1349BECB7108A5AEC378D\" data-tibak=\"none\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(26, 13, 171);' tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"ytGmGe ULBRwc\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"N2e2rc\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"DDYKU\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"c6dPaqiKH4aphbIPn5agoQ0_18\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"hmTtFe\" data-tibak=\"-1\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 500; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(0, 29, 53);' tabindex=\"-1\"\u003eRacial Discrimination at Wits (Chapter 1) - WITS\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"kQjtnc\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\u003cspan class=\"zKXUkb\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e24 Nov 2023 — \u003cspan data-crb-snippet-text=\"\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003eSummary. In 1956 the Nationalist Government announced that it intended to prohibit the 'open universities' from admitting non-whit...\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c!--TgQPHd||[]--\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"GUYREc\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"RhQhhc\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"U9BD8 eRvckb Wsaimf QyEYne\" data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cimg id=\"img-c6dPaqiKH4aphbIPn5agoQ0_19\" data-src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com\/faviconV2?url=https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\u0026amp;client=AIM\u0026amp;size=16\u0026amp;type=FAVICON\u0026amp;fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL\" class=\"sGgDgb\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8\/9hAAAAJUlEQVR4AeyTsQ0AAAyCSP8\/uvEGN4MHOBA4ynkAMpBBMhrw4AEAAP\/\/uBwiawAAAAZJREFUAwBJIAAhJFoqZwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\" alt=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-sfc-pl='||[\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com\/faviconV2?url\\u003dhttps:\/\/www.cambridge.org\\u0026client\\u003dAIM\\u0026size\\u003d128\\u0026type\\u003dFAVICON\\u0026fallback_opts\\u003dTYPE,SIZE,URL\"]' data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-imglogged=\"true\" data-aatf=\"0\" data-sfc-inited=\"2\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10); object-fit: fill; width: 16px; height: 16px;'\u003e\u003c!--TgQPHd||[]--\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Q8Wngd\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\u003cspan data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003eCambridge University Press \u0026amp; Assessment\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"RUZVbb\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"xXnAhe\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-sfc-cb=\"Yixvuc=\u0026amp;lXOTYe_3l:keyFje\" data-ctx-cb-provider=\"Q0pj3b:Yixvuc\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; 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In 1956 the Nationalist Government announced that it intended to prohibit the \u0026#39;open universities\u0026#39; from admitting non-white students and to establish separ...\u0026quot;,\u0026quot;Cambridge University Press \\u0026 Assessment\u0026quot;,\u0026quot;https:\/\/encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com\/faviconV2?url\\u003dhttps:\/\/www.cambridge.org\\u0026client\\u003dAIM\\u0026size\\u003d128\\u0026type\\u003dFAVICON\\u0026fallback_opts\\u003dTYPE,SIZE,URL\u0026quot;],[null,1,[null,null,5,null,\u0026quot;Racial Discrimination at Wits (Chapter 1) - WITS\u0026quot;,null,\u0026quot;https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/wits\/racial-discrimination-at-wits\/81A063543EC1349BECB7108A5AEC378D\u0026quot;],null,null,null,null,[\u0026quot;https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/wits\/racial-discrimination-at-wits\/81A063543EC1349BECB7108A5AEC378D\u0026quot;,null,null,null,38,\u0026quot;Source: Cambridge University Press \\u0026 Assessment\u0026quot;],2,null,null,[\u0026quot;MAGI_FEATURE\u0026quot;,null,\u0026quot;BLUR\u0026quot;,0,0,0,null,\u0026quot;https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/wits\/racial-discrimination-at-wits\/81A063543EC1349BECB7108A5AEC378D\u0026quot;]]]]--\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c!--TgQPHd||[]--\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c!--TgQPHd||[]--\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv role=\"listitem\" class=\"Knsxdf PmZFeb\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 16px 0px 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"b8PhZd dsYsnb\" data-src-id=\"11\" data-src-fp=\"false\" data-crb-el=\"kXllB\" data-visible=\"0\" data-animation-atomic=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-wiz-uids=\"lXOTYe_3t\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjoj-nm3sWVAxWGVEEAHR8LKNQQl78OegoIAggACAAIIBAU\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACCAQFA\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 10px 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003ca aria-labelledby=\"c6dPaqiKH4aphbIPn5agoQ0_21\" class=\"Zbfntb\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/University-of-the-Witwatersrand\" data-tibak=\"none\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(26, 13, 171);' tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"ytGmGe ULBRwc\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"N2e2rc\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"DDYKU\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"c6dPaqiKH4aphbIPn5agoQ0_21\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"hmTtFe\" data-tibak=\"-1\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 500; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(0, 29, 53);' tabindex=\"-1\"\u003eUniversity of the Witwatersrand - Britannica\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"kQjtnc\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\u003cspan class=\"zKXUkb\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-sfc-cb=\"\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003e\u003cspan data-crb-snippet-text=\"\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);'\u003eLearn about this topic in these articles: ... …of higher education include the University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa's pre...\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c!--TgQPHd||[]--\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"VVhZK SE9JDf\" data-copy-service-computed-style='font-family: \"Google Sans\", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; 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